Kumba Yalá Embaló, also spelled Ialá (15 March 1953 – 4 April 2014), was a Bissau-Guinean politician who was president from 17 February 2000 until he was deposed in a bloodless military coup on 14 September 2003. He belonged to the Balanta ethnic group and was President of the Social Renewal Party (PRS). In 2008 he converted to Islam and took the name Mohamed Yalá Embaló. He was the founder of the Party for Social Renewal.
Early life Born to a farming family in Bula, Cacheu Region on 15 March 1953, Yala became a militant member of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) during his teenage years. The PAIGC sought independence from Portuguese colonial rule."Guinea-Bissau's Kumba Yala: from crisis to crisis", Afrol.com, 17 May 2005.
He studied theology at the Catholic University of Portugal, in Lisbon, and then philosophy (not completed). In Bissau, Yala studied law at the Law School of the University Amílcar Cabral. After completing his studies, he was appointed director of the National Lyceum Kwame N'Krumah, where he also taught Philosophy and Psychology.
He spoke Portuguese, Crioulo, Spanish, French and English and could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
Political career Yala was the head of a PAIGC delegation to Moscow in honor of the 70th anniversary of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, but in 1989 he was expelled from the party for demanding greater democratic reform.Kumba Ialá, biography from Rulers.org.
In March 1991, alongside Rafael Barbosa, Yala helped found the Democratic Social Front (FDS). On 14 January 1992, Yala left the FDS and formed the Social Renewal Party (PRS).
The first multiparty presidential election took place on 3 July 1994. Incumbent president and PAIGC candidate João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira won 46.20% of the vote. Yala finished second, capturing 21.88% of the vote. Since no candidate won the required 50% of the vote for an outright victory, a run-off was conducted on 7 August.Elections in Guinea-Bissau, African Elections Database. The opposition parties united behind Yala,Political Parties of the World (6th edition, 2005), ed. Bogdan Szajkowski, page 271. but Vieira nevertheless won by a 4% margin (52.02% to 47.98%). Although the election was declared generally free and fair by election observers, Yala contested the results, claiming intimidation of his supporters. The Supreme Court rejected his claims and the results were validated. On 20 August, he accepted the results, but announced that the PRS would not participate in the new government.
On 28 November 1999, after a devastating civil war and the ousting of Vieira, a new presidential election was held. In the first round, Kumba Yala placed first with 38.81% of the vote, followed by interim president and PAIGC candidate, Malam Bacai Sanhá, who won 23.37%. Yala was briefly hospitalized on 29 December 1999 due to high blood pressure, shortly before campaigning for the second round was to begin."Bissau presidential candidate in hospital", RTP Internacional TV (nl.newsbank.com), 29 December 1999. He went to Lisbon for medical treatment on 30 December, and after returning to Guinea-Bissau in early January 2000, he launched his second round campaign on 9 January; he said that he was in good health and challenged Sanhá to a debate."Guinea-Bissau: Presidential candidate challenges acting president to public debate", PANA (nl.newsbank.com), 11 January 2000. The second round, held on 16 January 2000, was easily won by Yala, who received 72% of the vote. He was sworn in as the president of Guinea-Bissau on 17 February."GUINEA-BISSAU: Yala sworn in as president", IRIN, 17 February 2000.
Yala resigned as president of the PRS in May 2000, although he continued to play an influential role in the party.
Presidency Kumba Yala's tenure as the country's head of state was characterized by sackings of ministers and other high officials. Concerns about the government's financial management prompted protests, strikes and the suspension of International Monetary Fund aid. Yala's relationship with General Ansumane Mané, the leader of the rebellion that had toppled Vieira in the 1998–99 civil war, was difficult. Yala attempted to promote a number of military officers in November 2000, but Mané said that Yala's list of promotions was not the one Yala had previously agreed to with Mané. Mané announced that he was taking control of the armed forces, revoking Yala's promotions and replacing the chief of staff, Veríssimo Correia Seabra. An outbreak of fighting followed,"GUINEA-BISSAU: Focus on new source of instability", IRIN, 23 November 2000. and Mané was killed in a clash with government forces a week later, on 30 November."GUINEA-BISSAU: Former military strongman shot dead, reports say", IRIN, 1 December 2000.
Yala did not veto or promulgate the draft constitution approved by the National Assembly in 2001, instead sending it back to parliament with recommendations for increased presidential powers."GUINEA-BISSAU: Focus on continuing instability", IRIN, 16 November 2001. Yala's government claimed to have foiled a coup plot in early December 2001, although the opposition questioned its existence."GUINEA-BISSAU: Opposition want evidence of attempted coup", IRIN, 6 December 2001. Various members of opposition parties were subsequently detained and held without charge. In June 2002, he accused The Gambia of fomenting rebellion in Guinea-Bissau, a charge the Gambian foreign ministry denied; Yala even threatened an invasion of The Gambia."GAMBIA-GUINEA: Government shocked by Guinea-Bissau coup claims", IRIN, 18 June 2002. Yala dissolved parliament in November 2002, appointed Mário Pires as caretaker prime minister, and called early elections for February 2003."GUINEA-BISSAU: New Prime Minister named", IRIN, 18 November 2002."GUINEA-BISSAU: Elections set for February", IRIN, 26 November 2002. These elections were repeatedly postponed, however: first to April, then to July, then to October."GUINEA-BISSAU: Army ousts president who kept delaying elections", IRIN, 14 September 2003. Some suspected that Yala sought to manipulate the law to ensure that he would remain in power.
2003 coup On 12 September 2003, the electoral commission announced that it would not be able to finish voter registration in time to hold parliamentary elections as planned on 12 October. This together with a stagnant economy, political instability, and military discontent over unpaid salaries triggered a bloodless coup on 14 September. Yala was detained and placed under house arrest. General Veríssimo Correia Seabra, leader of the coup, referred to the "incapacity" of Yala's government as justification for the takeover.Bissau junta set to step down, BBC News Online, 18 September 2003. Yala publicly announced his resignation on 17 September, and a political agreement signed that month prohibited him from participating in politics for five years. A civilian-led transitional government led by businessman Henrique Rosa and PRS secretary general Artur Sanhá was set up at the end of September."Interim government takes over Bissau", BBC News Online, 28 September 2003."GUINEA-BISSAU: Junta insists on Artur Sanha as prime minister", IRIN, 23 September 2003.
On 8 March 2004, ahead of legislative elections, Yala was released from house arrest. He announced that he would be participating in the PRS election campaign, despite the prohibition against his political activity."GUINEA-BISSAU: Ousted president freed ahead of end-of-March polls", IRIN, 9 March 2004. In the election, held on 28 March, the PRS won 35 out of 100 seats, making it the second largest party in the National People's Assembly, after the PAIGC."GUINEA-BISSAU: PAIGC wins election, but lacks absolute majority", IRIN, 4 April 2004.
2005 presidential election and afterwards On 26 March 2005, Yala was chosen as the PRS candidate for 19 June presidential election by the party's national council, despite being officially banned from politics for five years."GUINEA-BISSAU: Main opposition party picks Kumba Yala as presidential candidate", IRIN, 28 March 2005. Yala submitted his candidate application to the Supreme Court on 11 April, arguing that since he had signed his agreement to respect his ban from politics at his home and not in his office, it was invalid."GUINEA-BISSAU: Kumba Yala applies to run for president despite ban", IRIN, 12 April 2005. The Supreme Court cleared him to stand in the election in its list of approved candidates published on 10 May, with five judges in favor of permitting his candidacy and one opposed. The decision was based on the fact that Yala had resigned prior to the signing of the transitional charter which had barred him from politics, with the judges ruling that the charter should not be retroactively applied to Yala in a way contrary to his interests."GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira and Yala cleared to contest June presidential election", IRIN, 11 May 2005. Soon afterwards, on 15 May, Yala said that he was withdrawing his resignation as president and would resume office to serve out the remainder of his term."Bissau government promises calm", BBC News Online, 16 May 2005. Although this increased the country's political tension, the declaration did not appear to lead to much immediate consequence; a rally of some of Yala's supporters was held two days later and was dispersed by police with tear gas."GUINEA-BISSAU: Demonstrators for peace vastly outnumber supporters of Kumba Yala", IRIN, 17 May 2005.
In late May, ten days after declaring his resignation withdrawn, he occupied the presidential palace at night with a group of armed men for about four hours before leaving, according to an announcement by the army."Guinea-Bissau's army urges calm", BBC News Online, 25 May 2005. According to official results he came in third in 19 June election with 25% of the vote, behind Malam Bacai Sanhá and Nino Vieira, and thus could not participate in the second round run-off. Yala said that he actually came in first, with about 38% of the vote, and that the result was a fraud."GUINEA-BISSAU: Yala still refuses to accept defeat in presidential election", IRIN, 27 June 2005. At least four people were reported killed when Yala's supporters clashed with police after the results were announced."Ex-Bissau leader accepts defeat", BBC News Online, 27 June 2005. Yala went to Senegal for talks with Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade, along with Vieira and Sanhá, and on 27 June he said at a news conference that he accepted the result in the interest of peace and democracy, while still claiming to have actually won."GUINEA-BISSAU: Kumba Yala agrees to accept election defeat while insisting he won", IRIN, 28 June 2005. Yala said on this occasion that he "rejected violence on principle" and predicted that he would eventually regain the presidency, noting that his opponents were older than himself "and tomorrow they will disappear."
On 2 July, Yala announced his support for Vieira's candidacy in the second round. He called Vieira "a symbol of the construction of the Guinean state and of national unity because he proclaimed our independence in the hills of Boe" and said that he could "be relied upon to defend our national independence, to oppose neo-colonialism, to build the republic and promote peace, stability and above all, national reconciliation". Given Yala's sharp hostility to Vieira in previous years, this endorsement was viewed as surprising by many, and there was reportedly significant dissatisfaction with the decision among Yala's supporters."GUINEA-BISSAU: Kumba Yala to back Nino Vieira in second round of presidential election", IRIN, 4 July 2005. The second round, held on 24 July, resulted in Vieira's victory."GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira officially declared president", IRIN, 10 August 2005.