__NOTOC__ This is a timeline of Mongolian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Mongolia. See also the list of presidents of Mongolia.

Centuries: 17th18th19th20th21st

3rd century BC Year Date Event215Qin armies evict Xiongnu nomadic tribes from their pastures on the Yellow River in the Ordos Loop. Xiongnu leader Touman forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau. 209 Modu Chanyu found the Xiongnu Empire. These nomadic peoples would inhabit the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE. 203 Xiongnu launch second war against the Yuezhi, seizing a large swath of Yuezhi territory (modern day Xinjiang). 200 At the Battle of Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture.

2nd century BC Year Date Event198Modu Chanyu and the emperor Gaozu of China's Han dynasty sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu.176 Modu Chanyu leads a Xiongnu invasion of the Gansu region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions.174 Death of Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu. 133 The Battle of Mayi, an abortive ambush operation by Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-long Han dynasty offensive against the nomads.119 The Battle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of the Gobi Desert forcing the Xiongnu to flee into Siberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the Ordos Desert and Qilian Mountains.

1st century BC Year Date Event71 Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts; Wusun from the west, Dingling from the north, Wuhuan from the east, and Han forces from the south. 60 Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu53 The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties.36 At the Battle of Zhizhi General Chen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan)

1st century AD Year Date Event49 Tsi Yung, allied with the Wuhuan and Xianbei, attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory.93 The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the Xianbei and the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects.

2nd century AD Year Date Event147 The Xianbei, who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai.167 The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty.180 The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China.

3rd century AD Year Date Event235 The last khagan of the Xianbei, Kebineng, is assassinated by Cao Wei, successor state of the Eastern Han (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains (Murong, Tuoba, Khitan people, Shiwei, and Rouran Khaganate).

4th century AD Year Date Event330 A branch of the Xianbei, the Rouran (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern day Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of Gansu, northern Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, parts of Northeast China and southern Siberia.

5th century AD Year Date Event402 Yujiulü Shelun assumes the title of Khagan, landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate.

6th century AD Year Date Event555 The Göktürks join the Western Wei, successor state of the Northern Wei, to defeat the Rouran. 570 The Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties begin paying tribute to the Göktürks. 584 The Göktürk Empire, which stretches west to Crimea, is partitioned into Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. Eastern Turk Göktürks recognize Sui dynasty suzerainty.

7th century AD Year Date Event615 Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor of Sui and besiege the command seats at present-day Daixian in Shanxi630 27 March A Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeats the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan648 A reunited China—under the Tang dynasty (618–906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes the Anbei Protectorate in the Mongolian Steppes. Uyghurs khagan are installed as Anbei protector.682 Ilterish Qaghan (682–91) founds the Second Turkic Khaganate by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of the Toquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, Basmyls and Karluks to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China.691 Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Qapaghan Qaghan.696 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty.

8th century AD Year Date Event711 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Turgesh742 The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate745 The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of the Göktürks, Kulunbeg, and sent his head to the Tang.756 Uyghur Bayanchur Khan aids Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty against the An Lushan rebellion. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking Chang'an and Luoyang in 757. 758 Uyghurs destroy several northern Yenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan

9th century AD Year Date Event840 The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the Yenisei Kirghiz and the Karluks to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz

10th century AD Year Date Event907 Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon.925 The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River.944 Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin.947 Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is renamed the Liao dynasty 951 7 October Emperor Shizong of Liao is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son of Emperor Taizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Muzong of Liao 960 February Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou 964 Liao dynasty assists Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty 969 12 March Emperor Muzong of Liao is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son of Emperor Shizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Jingzong of Liao 979 Liao dynasty attempts to assist Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty but is defeated at the Battle of Gaoliang River980 13 October Emperor Jingzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him as Emperor Shengzong of Liao; Empress Xiao Yanyan becomes regent 983 The Liao dynasty reverts to calling itself the Khitans 993 First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo

11th century AD Year Date Event 1004 Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate and the Chanyuan Treaty, an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans 1009 Empress Xiao Yanyan dies 1010 Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Mokjong of Goryeo is murdered by Kang Cho and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Kang Cho is killed 1018 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo but are defeated 1019 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans prepares another army to attack Goryeo 1031 25 June Emperor Shengzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him as Emperor Xingzong of Liao; Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin becomes regent 1055 28 August Emperor Xingzong of Liao dies and is succeeded by his son Yelü Hongji, who becomes Emperor Daozong of LiaoAll officials are required to wear Chinese court dress 1066 Khitans revert to calling their state the Liao dynasty 1082 Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses 1093 Mogusi of the Zubu and the Dilie tribes of western Heilongjiang raid the Liao dynasty

12th century AD Year Date Event 1101 12 February Emperor Daozong of Liao dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him as Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 1117 Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty 1122 Emperor Tianzuo of Liao flees the Southern Capital and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor of Northern Liao, however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Puxiannu 1129 Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes 1130 Yelü Dashi leaves the Orkhon River with 20,000 followers and travels to the Kingdom of Qocho where the ruler welcomes him 1131 summer Yelü Dashi attacks the Karakhanids at Kashgar but is repelled 1141 9 September Battle of Qatwan: Yelü Dashi annihilates the army of Ahmad Sanjar of the Seljuk Empire and vassalizes the Khwarazmian dynasty 1143 Yelü Dashi dies and his wife Xiao Tabuyan succeeds him as regent 1151 Yelü Yilie, son of Yelü Dashi, becomes gurkhan of the Qara Khitai c. 1162 Temüjin (the future Genghis Khan) is born in the Khentii mountains of today's Mongolia. 1186 7 November Ögedei Khan, third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born. 1189 Temüjin becomes Khan of the Khamag Mongol.

13th century