Daza (also known as Dazaga) is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Daza people (a sub-group of the Toubou people inhabiting northern Chad and eastern Niger). The Daza are also known as the Gouran (Gorane) in Chad. Dazaga is spoken by around 700,000 people, primarily in the Djurab Desert region and the Borkou region, locally called Haya or Faya-Largeau northern-central Chad, in Kanem there is a lot of Daza around 300,000, the capital of the Dazaga people. Dazaga is spoken in the Tibesti Mountains of Chad (606,000 speakers), in eastern Niger near N'guigmi and to the north (93,200 speakers). It is also spoken to a smaller extent in Libya and in Sudan, where there is a community of 3,000 speakers in the city of Omdurman. There is also a small diaspora community working in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The two primary dialects of the Dazaga language are Daza and Kara, but there are several other mutually intelligible dialects, including Kaga, Kanobo, Taruge and Azza. It is closely related to the Tedaga language, spoken by the Teda, the other out of the two Toubou people groups, who reside primarily in the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad and in southern Libya near the city of Sabha.

Dazaga is a Nilo-Saharan language and a member of the Western Saharan branch of the Saharan subgroup which also contains the Kanuri language, Kanembu language and Tebu languages.Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The languages of Africa. International Journal of American Linguistics 29.1. Repr. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. Tebu is further divided into Tedaga and Dazaga. The Eastern Saharan branch includes the Zaghawa language and Berti language.Cyffer, Norbert. 2000. Linguistic properties of the Saharan languages. Areal and Genetic Factors in Language Classification and Description: Africa South of the Sahara, ed. by Petr Zima, 30–59. Lincom Studies in African Linguistics 47. München: Lincom Europa

Vocabulary The dialects spoken in Chad and Niger have some French influence whereas the dialects spoken in Libya and Sudan have more of an Arabic influence. The Dazaga language was not traditionally a written language but in recent years the SIL had developed an orthography. The majority of Dazaga speakers are bilingual or multilingual in their native tongue along with either Arabic, French, Zaghawa, Hausa, Zarma, Kanuri or Tuareg. There are thus many borrowings from other languages such as Arabic, Hausa or French. For example, the word for "thank you" is borrowed from Arabic shokran and incorporated into the language by usually being followed by the suffix -num marking the second person.

The following tables contain words from the Daza dialect spoken in Omdurman, Sudan. This romanisation is not standard.

Numbers English Dazaga English Dazaga One Tron Eleven Murdai sa Tron Two Jow Twelve Murdai sa Jow Three Aguzo Thirteen Murdai sa Aguzo Four Twzo Fourteen Murdai sa Twzo Five Foo Fifteen Murdai sa Foo Six Disi Sixteen Murdai sa Disi Seven Troso Seventeen Murdai sa Troso Eight Woso Eighteen Murdai sa Woso Nine Yisi Nineteen Murdai sa Yisi Ten Murdum Twenty Digiram Thirty Murtta Aguzo Fifty Murtta Foo Forty Murtta Twzo Hundred Kidri

Basic words and phrases English Dazaga English Dazaga man Ay Good Morning Wasa Nisiraperson AouAouboBig person woman Ari Good Night Kalar Sizoo family Ama tanga Thank you alay barkantchân brother Dahigi My name is... Tan Sortanjo sister Duroo What is your name? Sornuma Jaa? or sornuma eni' papa Abaa How are you? neré wasi? mama Aya I am well Kala Layy or Tan Wasu or wasa a' friend sardou Please toussowna world Dina Country Ni dead Noso Religion DinKanodown or low Better Bouré East Mah West Je, Ji, Jeh or Jih North YalaSouthAnu, Enu or Aonu are all correct, depending on one's pronunciation.from east Mar from west Jer or Jir from north Yalar from south Anur, Enur or Aonur land Tu or Tobigbo, bu or bou are all correct GreenZerTozer Green Land Chief Bougoudimuch / veryBodo, Budu or BoudouDardaSultan KadalaSultan people amma / ama Maïna Noble

The Azza are a blacksmith class who speak their own dialect of the language, referred to as Azzanga, which is considered by Dagaza speakers to be lower in status then the standard dialect.

Phonology The phonology of Daza is as follows:

Consonants LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalPlosive Fricative ()NasalFlapLateralApproximant

Vowels FrontCentralBackCloseMidOpen

Tone

Dagaza showcases 4 distinct tones, high, low, rising, and falling, although the occurrence of rising and falling tones is limited to just a few specific contexts and no word exists which only contains low tones. For this reason, there is debate as to whether these truly represent 4 distinct tonemes or if instead Dagaza has a pitch accent system.

Grammar The Daza language exhibits a subject-object-verb word order, as can be seen in the following example:

There are no grammatical genders in Dagaza, and biological gender is indicated with separate lexical items for male and female.

Adding the adjectivalizer suffix -ɾ́ɛ at the end of a word forms adjectives from nouns, verbs, and occasionally even other adjectives.

Verbs are inflected for both subject and object arguments. This inflection is sensitive to grammatical person, but not number, gender, or other features of the subject and object.

To signify presentational possession (exemplified by the have verb in English, e.g. "I have a computer"), Dazaga utilizes a transitive "have-verb" strategy where the possessor is the subject and the possessum is the object, similar to how this construction is made in English. The following example shows presentational possession in Dazaga:

Dazaga uses clitic case markers for four cases: ergative, accusative, genitive, and dative. The marking of case is sensitive to an Animacy Hierarchy: the accusative enclitic /=ɡà/ encodes the object of a transitive verb when it is a high animacy referent (personal pronouns). For all other object referents, this clitic is optional.

Interrogatives are indicated in two ways; yes/no questions are formed by attaching the clitic -ra to the end of the verb, information questions are indicated by the presence by equivalents to wh- question words in English at the end of the phrase.

References

External links Relative Clauses in Dazaga