Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali).
Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.
Family division Arauan consists of half a dozen languages:
Arawá Kulina Deni Jamamadi Paumari Suruwahá
Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
( = extinct)
Arawa Suruwaha Madi-Deni-Paumari Paumari Deni, Kulina Madi-Arawa Arawa Madi Banawa Jamamadi Jarawara
Dienst (2010) Internal classification by Dienst (2010):Dienst, Stefan (2010). The internal classification of the Arawan languages. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 8(1), 61-67.
Arawan Arawa Paumari Suruwahá Madi-Madihá Madi Eastern Jamamadi Banawá Jarawara Madihá Kulina Western Jamamadi Deni
Mason (1950) Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950):
Arauá Arauá Culino Culina Curia Curiana Culiña Pama Pama Pamana Yamamadí Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí) Yuberi Madihá Sewacu Sipó
Other varieties
Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the Juruá River and Purus River. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, as well as a lost wordlist, it is believed to be Arawan.
Loukotka (1968) Varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):
Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Purus River. (Unattested) Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper Purus River. (Unattested) Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested) Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested) Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested) Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested) Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested) A wordlist labeled with this language's name, "recorded" by Johann Natterer, is blank. Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested) Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the Juruá River, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil. Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas. Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested)
Proto-language Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. Anthropological Linguistics 46: 1-83.
Flora {| class="wikitable" ! Proto-Arawá !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss |- | *biha || yam sp. || carai |- | *boba || palm sp. || paxiúba |- | *bodi || fruit sp. || bacuri |- | *'boko || tree sp. || imbaúba |- | *doni || tonka bean || cumaru |- | *hawa || patauá palm || patauá |- | *imi || ingá (tree and edible fruit) || ingá |- | *jani || palm sp. || paxiubinha |- | *jawana || palm sp. || murumuru |- | *jawida || peach palm || |- | *kahami || palm sp. || urucuri |- | *majo || tree sp. || pajurá |- | *nabohi || palm sp. || paxiúba-barriguda |- | *ora || genipap || jenipapo |- | *para'i || assai palm || |- | *sanaro || passion fruit || maracujá |- | *tamajara || matamatá tree, envira tree || matamatá, envira |- | *tamino || jackfruit tree || |- | *waishowa || several trees of genus Lucuma || abiurana |- | *wasina, *wasini || kapok ceibe tree || samaúma, Ceiba pentandra |- | *wekhe'i || rubber tree || Hevea brasiliensis |- | *xidepe || tree sp.; red paint made from fruit || urucu, Bixa orellana
Fauna Mammals {| class="wikitable" ! Proto-Arawá !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss |- | *gapha || woolly monkey || |- | *hijama || white-lipped peccary || |- | *hojawa || giant anteater || |- | *ja'o || sloth sp. || |- | *jajiko || howler monkey || |- | *jotomi || coati || quati |- | *jowi(hi) || capuchin monkey || |- | *kawina || howler monkey || |- | *kiriwe || three-toed sloth || |- | *kishi- || armadillo || tatu |- | *kiso || capuchin monkey || |- | *kosikosi || kinkajou, night monkey || jupará |- | *mase || bat || |- | *modo || anteater || tamanduá |- | *mowi || night monkey || |- | *pishi || squirrel monkey; marmoset (small monkey) || macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciureus |- | *shawa(ri) || weasel sp. || irara |- | *shinama || agouti || cutia |- | *tamakori || monkey sp. || macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus
Birds {| class="wikitable" ! Proto-Arawá !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss |- | *ama'ahawa || socó heron || socó |- | *amasawari || socozinho heron || socozinho |- | *dapo || guan (bird sp.) || |- | *DiroDiro || kingfisher || |- | *hiriti || motmot bird || |- | *jakhi || toucan (Ramphastos) || |- | *kamowa || dove sp. || juriti, rolinha |- | *kawashiro || oriole || |- | *komi || trogon (bird sp.) || |- | *khere || kingfisher || ariramba |- | *okoko || pigeon, dove sp. || juriti |- | *shabiria || eagle-hawk || Harpia harpyja |- | *tano || pied-crested oropendola (type of oriole) || japu |- | *tawikhoro(ro) || black-fronted nunbird || bico-de-brasa |- | *tobejaro, *tobejero) || nighthawk || bacurau |- | *wara- || chachalaca (bird) || aracuã
Fish {| class="wikitable" ! Proto-Arawá !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss |- | *aba majaro || arowana (fish sp.) || aruanã |- | *'awida || piau sp. (fish) || piau |- | *bahama || surubim (large fish) || surubim |- | *basani || pacu (fish sp.) || pacu |- | *bidama || catfish sp. || mandi |- | *dawi || big leaf calathea (fish sp.) || |- | *kosop(h)a || tucunaré (fish sp.) || tucunaré |- | *khorobo || fish sp. || jeju? |- | *moro || fish sp. (cangati sp.; large catfish) || cangati; jai preto, Paulicea luetkeni |- | *otawi || cará (fish sp.) || cará |- | *siraba || fish sp. || cangati, cará, acará |- | *shako || lungfish || traíra
Other animals {| class="wikitable" ! Proto-Arawá !! English gloss !! Portuguese gloss |- | *kowasa || tortoise || |- | *shire || turtle || tartaruga |- | *bitha || large mosquito || carapanã |- | *'Diriri || cicada || |- | *jimo, *jomo || ant sp. || tocandira |- | *karajati || biting fly || mutuca |- | *waharo || large mosquito || carapanã
Bibliography Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. International Journal of American Linguistics, 59 (1), 280-293. Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. Diachronica, 18, 3-30. Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics, 46, 1–83. Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Lexicons Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário. Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations. Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.
References
External links
Sub-tronco Arawán