Events Pre-1600 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. 526 – Election of Pope Felix IV following the death of Pope John I earlier that year. 813 – Leo V the Armenian is crowned as Byzantine Emperor after he successfully forced previous emperor Michael I Rangabe to abdicate the previous day. 927 – King Constantine II of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh and King Owain of the Cumbrians accept the overlordship of King Æthelstan of England, leading to seven years of peace in the north. 1191 – Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre. 1335 – Pope Benedict XII issues the papal bull Fulgens sicut stella matutina to reform the Cistercian Order. 1450 – Although he had been previously pardoned, Jack Cade is killed while fleeing, bringing an end to Jack Cade's Rebellion. 1470 – The Ottomans capture Euboea. 1488 – Joseon Dynasty official Choe Bu returns to Korea after months of shipwrecked travel in China. 1493 – Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published. 1527 – Lê Cung Hoàng cedes the throne to Mạc Đăng Dung, ending the Lê dynasty and starting the Mạc dynasty. 1543 – King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace. 1562 – Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya. 1576 – Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal. 1580 – The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published.
1601–1900 1691 – Battle of Aughrim (Julian calendar): The decisive victory of William III of England's forces in Ireland. 1776 – Captain James Cook begins his third voyage. 1789 – In response to the dismissal of the French finance minister Jacques Necker, the radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gives a speech which results in the storming of the Bastille two days later. 1790 – The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed in France by the National Constituent Assembly. 1799 – Ranjit Singh conquers Lahore and becomes Maharaja of the Punjab (Sikh Empire). 1801 – British ships inflict heavy damage on Spanish and French ships in the Second Battle of Algeciras. 1806 – At the insistence of Napoleon, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and thirteen minor principalities leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine. 1812 – The American Army of the Northwest briefly occupies the Upper Canadian settlement at what is now at Windsor, Ontario. 1847 – A riot occurs in Woodstock, New Brunswick, between Catholics and members of the Orange Order that results in up to ten deaths. 1862 – The Medal of Honor is authorized by the United States Congress.
1901–present 1913 – Serbian forces begin their siege of the Bulgarian city of Vidin; the siege is later called off when the war ends. 1913 – The Second Revolution breaks out against the Beiyang government, as Li Liejun proclaims Jiangxi independent from the Republic of China.Ernest Young, "Politics in the Aftermath of Revolution," in John King Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1983; , ), p. 228. 1917 – The Bisbee Deportation occurs as vigilantes kidnap and deport nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizona. 1918 – The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kawachi blows up at Shunan, western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621. 1920 – The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty is signed, by which Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania. 1943 – World War II: Battle of Kursk: German and Soviet forces engage in the Battle of Prokhorovka, one of the largest armored engagements of all time. 1948 – Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion orders the expulsion of Palestinians from the towns of Lod and Ramla. 1960 – Orlyonok, the main Young Pioneer camp of the Russian SFSR, is founded. 1961 – Indian city Pune floods due to failure of the Khadakwasla and Panshet dams, killing at least two thousand people. 1961 – ČSA Flight 511 crashes at Casablanca–Anfa Airport in Morocco, killing 72. 1963 – Pauline Reade, 16, disappears in Gorton, England, the first victim in the Moors murders. 1967 – Riots begin in Newark, New Jersey. 1971 – The Australian Aboriginal flag is flown for the first time. 1973 – A fire destroys the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center of the United States. 1975 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal. 1979 – The island nation of Kiribati becomes independent from the United Kingdom. 1995 – Chinese seismologists successfully predict the 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake, reducing the number of casualties to 11. 1998 – The Ulster Volunteer Force attack a house in Ballymoney, County Antrim, Northern Ireland with a petrol bomb, killing the Quinn brothers. 1998 – France win their first World Cup title, defeating defending champions Brazil 3–0. 2001 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-104, carrying the Quest Joint Airlock to the International Space Station. 2006 – A cross-border raid by Hezbollah militants starts the 2006 Lebanon War. 2007 – U.S. Army Apache helicopters engage in airstrikes against armed insurgents in Baghdad, Iraq, where civilians are killed; footage from the cockpit is later leaked to the Internet. 2012 – Syrian Civil War: Government forces target the homes of rebels and activists in Tremseh and kill anywhere between 68 and 150 people. 2012 – A tank truck explosion kills more than 100 people in Okobie, Nigeria. 2013 – Six people are killed and 200 injured in a French passenger train derailment in Brétigny-sur-Orge. 2024 – Gazpromavia Flight 9608 crashes in Russia's Kolomensky District near Kolomna, killing three. 2026 – A bar fire kills 33 people in Bangkok, Thailand.
Births Pre-1600 100 BC – Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (died 44 BC)There is some dispute over the year of Caesar's birth. Some scholars have made a case for 101 or 102 BC as the year of his birth, based on the dates that he held certain magistracies, but scholarly consensus favors 100 BC. Similarly, some scholars prefer 12 July for the day of his birth, but others give 13 July. Goldsworthy, p. 30, Ward, Heichelheim, & Yeo p. 194. For a source arguing for 12 July, see Badian in Griffin (ed.) p.16 1394 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (died 1441) 1468 – Juan del Encina, Spanish poet, playwright, and composer (probable; (died 1530) 1477 – Jacopo Sadoleto, Italian cardinal (died 1547) 1549 – Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (died 1587)
1601–1900 1628 – Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk (died 1684) 1675 – Evaristo Felice Dall'Abaco, Italian violinist and composer (died 1742) 1730 – Josiah Wedgwood, English potter, founded the Wedgwood Company (died 1795) 1803 – Peter Chanel, French priest and saint (died 1841) 1807 – Thomas Hawksley, English engineer and academic (died 1893) 1813 – Claude Bernard, French physiologist and academic (died 1878) 1817 – Henry David Thoreau, American essayist, poet, and philosopher (died 1862) 1817 – Alvin Saunders, Territorial Governor and Senator from Nebraska (died 1899) 1821 – D. H. Hill, American general and academic (died 1889) 1824 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (died 1898) 1849 – William Osler, Canadian physician and author (died 1919) 1850 – Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist and academic (died 1912) 1852 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 19th President of Argentina (died 1933) 1854 – George Eastman, American businessman, founded Eastman Kodak (died 1933) 1855 – Ned Hanlan, Canadian rower, academic, and businessman (died 1908) 1857 – George E. Ohr, American potter (died 1918) 1861 – Anton Arensky, Russian pianist, composer, and educator (died 1906) 1863 – Albert Calmette, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (died 1933) 1863 – Paul Drude, German physicist and academic (died 1906) 1868 – Stefan George, German poet and translator (died 1933) 1870 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (died 1949) 1872 – Emil Hácha, Czech lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Czechoslovakia (died 1945) 1876 – Max Jacob, French poet, painter, and critic (died 1944) 1878 – Peeter Põld, Estonian scientist and politician, 1st Estonian Minister of Education (died 1930) 1879 – Margherita Piazzola Beloch, Italian mathematician (died 1976) 1879 – Han Yong-un, Korean poet (died 1944) 1880 – Tod Browning, American actor, director, and screenwriter (died 1962) 1881 – Natalia Goncharova, Russian theatrical costume and set designer, painter and illustrator (died 1962) 1884 – Bob Diry,Birth record Vienna, parish St. Josef in Margareten, vol. 62, p. 144 Austrian-born wrestler and boxer (died 1935) 1884 – Louis B. Mayer, Russian-born American film producer, co-founded Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (died 1957) 1884 – Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (died 1920) 1886 – Jean Hersholt, Danish-American actor and director (died 1956) 1888 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician and academic (died 1920) 1892 – Bruno Schulz, Ukrainian-Polish author and painter (died 1942) 1895 – Kirsten Flagstad, Norwegian soprano (died 1962) 1895 – Buckminster Fuller, American architect and engineer, designed the Montreal Biosphère (died 1983) 1895 – Oscar Hammerstein II, American director, producer, and songwriter (died 1960) 1900 – Marcel Paul, French communist politician and Holocaust survivor (died 1982)
1901–present 1902 – Günther Anders, German philosopher and journalist (died 1992) 1902 – Vic Armbruster, Australian rugby league footballer (died 1984) 1904 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) 1905 – Prince John of the United Kingdom, Youngest son of George V and Mary of Teck (died 1919) 1907 – Weary Dunlop, Australian colonel and surgeon (died 1993) 1908 – Milton Berle, American comedian and actor (died 2002) 1908 – Alain Cuny, French actor (died 1994) 1908 – Paul Runyan, American golfer and sportscaster (died 2002) 1909 – Joe DeRita, American actor, 'Curly' of the Three Stooges (died 1993) 1909 – Motoichi Kumagai, Japanese photographer and illustrator (died 2010) 1909 – Fritz Leonhardt, German engineer, designed Fernsehturm Stuttgart (died 1999) 1909 – Herbert Zim, American naturalist, author, and educator (died 1994) 1911 – Evald Mikson, Estonian footballer (died 1993) 1913 – Willis Lamb, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2008) 1914 – Mohammad Moin, Iranian linguist and lexicographer (died 1971) 1916 – Lyudmila Pavlichenko, Ukrainian-Russian soldier and sniper (died 1974) 1917 – Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier and pilot (died 2014) 1917 – Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (died 2006) 1917 – Andrew Wyeth, American artist (died 2009) 1920 – Pierre Berton, Canadian journalist and author (died 2004) 1920 – Bob Fillion, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (died 2015) 1920 – Paul Gonsalves, American saxophonist (died 1974) 1920 – Randolph Quirk, Manx linguist and academic (died 2017) 1920 – Beah Richards, American actress (died 2000) 1922 – Mark Hatfield, American soldier and politician, 29th Governor of Oregon (died 2011) 1923 – James E. Gunn, American science fiction author (died 2020) 1924 – Faidon Matthaiou, Greek basketball player and coach (died 2011) 1924 – Michel d'Ornano, French politician (died 1991) 1925 – Albert Lance, Australian-French tenor (died 2013) 1925 – Roger Smith, American businessman (died 2007) 1927 – Françoys Bernier, Canadian pianist, conductor, and educator (died 1993) 1927 – Conte Candoli, American trumpet player (died 2001) 1927 – Jack Harshman, American baseball player (died 2013) 1927 – Harley Hotchkiss, Canadian businessman (died 2011)