Events Pre-1600 AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all of the conspirators are arrested. 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). 1024 – Election of Pope John XIX following the death of his brother Pope Benedict VIII. 1042 – Following the attempt of Byzantine Emperor Michael V Kalaphates to depose his wife and empress Zoe Porphyrogenita, a popular uprising in Constantinople breaks out with the intention to restore her. 1506 – The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which about two thousand Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity are slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics. 1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms. 1539 – The Treaty of Frankfurt between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed.Smith, The Age of the Reformation, p. 122. 1572 – England and France sign an alliance against Spain in the treaty of Blois.
1601–1900 1608 – In Ireland, O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.McCavitt p.115 1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops. 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa, was not born until 1717. 1770 – Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia. 1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI in a proxy wedding. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins during the Battles of Lexington and Concord with a victory of American minutemen and other militia over British forces, later referred to as the "shot heard round the world". 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Siege of Boston begins with American militias blocking land access to the British-held city. 1782 – John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy. 1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory. 1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed. 1818 – French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals. 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality. 1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
1901–present 1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world. 1925 – Colo-Colo, the most successful and popular soccer football team in the South American nation of Chile, was founded at the El Llano Stadium in San Miguel, Santiago, by footballer David Arellano and some of his teammates who had also left the Deportes Magallanes club.Sebastián Salinas, Por empuje y coraje. Los Albos en la época amateur 1925-1933 ("By drive and courage: The Albos in the amateur era 1925-1933")(Centro de Estudios del Deporte, 2004)|p.44 1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex. 1936 – The Jaffa riots commence, initiating the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine."9 Jews, 2 Arabs Dead, 54 Hurt In Jaffa Riots: Moslems Slain by British Police, Foes Knifed in Batlle (sic) Following Killing of a Jew by Bandits," New York Herald Tribune, 20 April 1936, p. 1. 1942 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp. 1943 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews. 1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco. 1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign. 1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president. 1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station. 1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for conspiracy in the Tate–LaBianca murders. 1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel. 1975 – India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia. 1975 – South Vietnamese forces withdraw from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War. 1976 – A violent F5 tornado strikes around Brownwood, Texas, injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least by the tornado and survived uninjured. 1985 – Two hundred ATF and FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the white supremacist survivalist group The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later. 1989 – A gun turret explodes on the , killing 47 sailors. 1993 – The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian building in Waco, Texas, US, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire. 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, US, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six. 1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin. 2000 – Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in Samal, Davao del Norte, killing all 131 people on board. 2001 – Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-100 carrying the Canadarm2 to the International Space Station. 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected to the papacy and becomes Pope Benedict XVI. 2008 – The Quito Ultratumba nightclub fire in Quito, Ecuador, kills 19 people and injures at least 24 more. 2011 – Fidel Castro resigns as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961. 2013 – Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown. 2020 – A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history. 2021 – The Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.
Births Pre-1600 1452 – Frederick IV, King of Naples (died 1504) 1593 – Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet, English politician (died 1647)
1601–1900 1603 – Michel Le Tellier, French politician, French Minister of Defence (died 1685) 1613 – Christoph Bach, German musician (died 1661) 1633 – Willem Drost, Dutch painter (died 1659) 1655 – George St Lo(e), Royal Navy officer and administrator (died 1718) 1658 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German husband of Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (died 1716) 1665 – Jacques Lelong, French author (died 1721) 1686 – Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (died 1750) 1715 – James Nares, English organist and composer (died 1783) 1721 – Roger Sherman, American lawyer and politician (died 1793) 1734 – Karl von Ordóñez, Austrian violinist and composer (died 1786) 1757 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, English admiral and politician (died 1833) 1758 – William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk, Scottish admiral (died 1831) 1785 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (died 1858) 1787 – Deaf Smith, American soldier (died 1837) 1793 – Ferdinand I of Austria (died 1875) 1806 – Sarah Bagley, American labor organizer (died 1889) 1814 – Louis Amédée Achard, French journalist and author (died 1875) 1831 – Mary Louise Booth, American writer, editor and translator (died 1889) 1832 – José Echegaray, Spanish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1916) 1835 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet and journalist (died 1888) 1861 – Amalie Andersen, Norwegian actress (died 1924) 1863 – Hemmo Kallio, Finnish actor (died 1940) 1872 – Alice Salomon, German social reformer (died 1948) 1873 – Sydney Barnes, English cricketer (died 1967) 1874 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (died 1952) 1877 – Ole Evinrude, Norwegian-American engineer, invented the outboard motor (died 1934) 1879 – Arthur Robertson, Scottish runner (died 1957) 1882 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (died 1954) 1883 – Henry Jameson, American soccer player (died 1938) 1883 – Richard von Mises, Austrian-American mathematician and physicist (died 1953) 1885 – Karl Tarvas, Estonian architect (died 1975) 1889 – Otto Georg Thierack, German jurist and politician (died 1946) 1891 – Françoise Rosay, French actress (died 1974) 1892 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer and educator (died 1983) 1894 – Elizabeth Dilling, American author and activist (died 1966) 1897 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (died 1970) 1897 – Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese super-centenarian, oldest verified man ever (died 2013) 1898 – Constance Talmadge, American actress and producer (died 1973) 1899 – George O'Brien, American actor (died 1985) 1899 – Cemal Tollu, Turkish lieutenant and painter (died 1968) 1900 – Iracema de Alencar, Brazilian film actress (died 1978) 1900 – Richard Hughes, English author, poet, and playwright (died 1976) 1900 – Roland Michener, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Governor General of Canada (died 1991) 1900 – Rhea Silberta, American Yiddish songwriter and singing teacher (died 1959)
1901–present 1902 – Veniamin Kaverin, Russian author and screenwriter (died 1989) 1903 – Eliot Ness, American law enforcement agent (died 1957) 1908 – Irena Eichlerówna, Polish actress (died 1990) 1912 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1999) 1913 – Ken Carpenter, American discus thrower and coach (died 1984) 1917 – Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (died 2012) 1920 – Marvin Mandel, American lawyer and politician, 56th Governor of Maryland (died 2015) 1920 – Julien Ries, Belgian cardinal (died 2013) 1920 – Ragnar Ulstein, Norwegian journalist and war historian (died 2019) 1921 – Anna Lee Aldred, American jockey (died 2006) 1921 – Leon Henkin, American logician (died 2006) 1921 – Roberto Tucci, Italian Jesuit leader, cardinal, and theologian (died 2015) 1922 – Erich Hartmann, German colonel and pilot (died 1993) 1925 – Hugh O'Brian, American actor (died 2016) 1927 – Cora Sue Collins, American child actress (died 2025) 1928 – John Horlock, English engineer and academic (died 2015) 1928 – Azlan Shah of Perak, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (died 2014) 1928 – Richard Garwin, American physicist (died 2025) 1928 – Alexis Korner, British blues musician and radio broadcaster (died 1984) 1931 – Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist and author (died 2004) 1932 – Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor (died 2023) 1933 – Dickie Bird, English cricketer and umpire (died 2025) 1933 – Jayne Mansfield, American model and actress (died 1967) 1935 – Dudley Moore, English actor, comedian, and pianist (died 2002) 1936 – Wilfried Martens, Belgian politician, 60th Prime Minister of Belgium (died 2013) 1937 – Antonio Carluccio, Italian-English chef and author (died 2017)