The following are lists of extremes among the known exoplanets. The properties listed here are those for which values are known reliably. The study of exoplanets is one of the most dynamic emerging fields of science, thus these values may change as new discoveries are made.
Extremes from Earth's viewpoint
Title Planet(s) Star Data Notes Most distant discovered SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04 SWEEPS J175902.67−291153.5 / SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6 light-yearsAssuming the largest distance from the microlensing light-curve, the planet OGLE-2017-BLG-0364Lb might be more distant, at around light-years ().
PSR J0738-4042 at light-years was shown to be affected by a disk of asteroids, but no planets have been detected yet.
The most distant potentially habitable planet confirmed is Kepler-1606b, at 2870 light-years distant, although the unconfirmed planet KOI-5889.01 is over 5000 light-years distant.
On 31 March 2022, K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb was reported to be the most distant exoplanet discovered by the Kepler telescope, at light-years away.
Among rogue planets, the furthest are very likely extragalactic planets within the lensing system SDSS J1004+4112 at 6.3 billion light-years. Another extragalactic candidate planet M51-ULS-1 b was discovered in M51-ULS-1 system with strong evidence, located in Whirlpool Galaxy some 28 million light years away. Because M51-ULS-1 b is orbiting a potential black hole, it may be also classified as a blanet. Least distant Proxima Centauri bProxima Centauri d 4.25 light-years Proxima Centauri b is the closest potentially habitable exoplanet known. As Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun (and will stay so for the next years), this is an absolute record, unless a closer brown dwarf/compact object with a planet is discovered. In about 25 000 years, Alpha Centauri AB will be closer to the Sun than its companion Proxima Centauri. If Rigil Kentaurus b is confirmed around Rigil Kentaurus (Alpha Centauri A), that planet would replace Proxima planets as nearest planet to the Sun assuming no closer brown dwarf/compact object with a planet being discovered. If no closer brown dwarf/compact object with a planet is found and no planet is found around either Ross 248 or Gliese 445, the least distant record will change in a bit less than 80 000 years from now, making Ross 128 b, a "temperate exoplanet in the inner edge of the habitable zone" the least distant one. Most distant directly visible CT Chamaeleontis 622 light-years The resolved likely close to equal mass binary brown dwarf NIRISS-NGC1333-10 AB, the mass of NIRISS-NGC1333-10 B is slightly higher than the deuterium burning limit, is more distant at 978 light-years.
The disputed planet CVSO 30 c may be more distant, at 1165 light-years away. The candidate planet AT Pyxidis b may also be more distant, at ~1207 light-years away.
Among rogue planets, o005 s41280 is the most distant at light-years; followed by A2744-BD-1 and o006 s00089, at and 6520 light-years away, respectively. As free-floating objects, all of them might not be considered as planets, although their masses might be below 13 MJ. Closest directly visibleEpsilon Indi AbEpsilon Indi 12.05 light-years next closest directly visible.
WISE 0855-0714 is closer, at about 7.4 light-years away. As a free-floating object, it might not be considered as planet, although its mass is below 13 MJ. The candidate planet Alpha Centauri Ab is also closer (4.34 light-years) and might have been directly imaged. Closest hot Jupiter type exoplanet to Earth Saffar Upsilon Andromedae A Closest super-Jupiter type exoplanet to Earth Epsilon Indi Ab Epsilon Indi Closest super-Earth type exoplanet to Earth Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri Star with the brightest apparent magnitude (in visible) with a planet Alpha Arietis b Hamal Apparent magnitude is 2.005 Alpha Centauri A (apparent magnitude 0.01) has a directly imaged candidate planet. Kevin Wagner's (lead author of paper?) video of discovery The evidence of planets around Vega with an apparent magnitude of 0.03 is strongly suggested by circumstellar disks surrounding it. , a candidate planet around Vega has been detected. Aldebaran (apparent magnitude varies between 0.75 and 0.95) was thought to have a candidate planet, however later studies found the existence of the planet dubious. Similarly, Pollux (apparent magnitude = 1.14) and Mirfak (apparent magnitude = 1.806) were claimed to have orbiting planets, all of which have been either questioned or disproved. An Earth-mass planet claimed to orbit Alpha Centauri B (apparent magnitude = 1.33) was subsequently refuted.
A 2023 study detected 10 luminous point sources around the primary star of Fomalhaut system (apparent magnitude = 1.16), of which the last source may or may not be a planetary-mass companion. This star was previously thought to harbour a directly imaged planet named Fomalhaut b, before the realization of object as an expanding debris cloud from a planetesimal collision. Star with the faintest apparent magnitude (in visible) with a planet MOA-bin-29Lb MOA-bin-29L Apparent magnitude is 44.61 Closest planet to the celestial north pole (i.e. highest declination)TOI-1691 bTOI-1691Declination of Closest planet to the celestial south pole (i.e. lowest declination)HD 110082 bHD 110082Declination of Star with the highest apparent motion (i.e. proper motion) with a planet Barnard planets Barnard's Star 10.358 arcsec/yrAs Barnard's Star has the highest apparent motion in the sky, this is currently an absolute record. Largest angular distance separation from its host star COCONUTS-2b COCONUTS-2 594 arcseconds A candidate planet or brown dwarf around BD+29 5007 has an even larger angular separation of about 935 arcseconds.Smallest resolved angular distance separation from its parent starBeta Pictoris cBeta Pictoris0.138 arcseconds Derived from its separation of ~ and its distance of 63.4 light-years (19.4 parsecs). Smallest angular distance separation from its parent star NGC 6440 X-2 b NGC 6440 X-2 0.31 microarcseconds Derived from its separation of and its distance of ~ light-years (8300 parsecs). Star with the largest apparent size (angular diameter) Alpha Arietis b Hamal Accounted for the limb darkening effect.
The star Mirach (β Andromedae) has larger angular diameter at and has either a brown dwarf or a gas giant companion.
Several stars have a larger angular diameter and were claimed to have candidate planets: Aldebaran (), L2 Puppis () and Alpha Centauri A ().
Planetary characteristics Title Planet Star Data Notes Most massiveThe most massive planet is difficult to define due to the blurry line between planets and brown dwarfs. If the borderline is defined as the deuterium fusion threshold (roughly at solar metallicity), the most massive planets are those with true mass closest to that cutoff; if planets and brown dwarfs are differentiated based on formation, their mass ranges overlap. IAU website link A candidate for the most massive object that formed in a protoplanetary disk is CWW 89Ab, at about . This object is massive enough to have fused deuterium early in its life, but its atmosphere indicates it may have formed via the very high-mass end of the planet formation process. Most massive in proportion to the mass of the star(s) it revolves around Delorme 1 b Delorme 1 Mass ratio is ~0.034 2M1207 b has a larger ratio to 2M1207 of ~0.2, but the host is a brown dwarf. 2M1207 b also may be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planetary-mass companion. The planet candidate NSV 1440 b has a higher mass ratio at 0.045 ± 0.002 to its host star, which is a white dwarf. However, with a mass near , it is likely a companion star that was stripped down to a substellar-mass object.Most massive in proportion to the mass of the host object it revolves aroundCFHTWIR-Oph 98 bCFHTWIR-Oph 98 AMass ratio is ~0.51Both, this object and (DRS2009) 1996 with a mass ratio of ~0.35 may be sub-brown dwarfs instead of a planetary companion. Least massive Draugr PSR B1257+12 The extrasolar planetesimal WD 1145+017 b is less massive, at .
As a reference, the mass of Earth's moon is about . Largest radiusHAT-P-67 bHAT-P-67Also the largest transiting known planet and largest known planet with a precisely measured radius as of 2025.
Proplyd 133-353 is larger at up to – . It might be considered as a sub-brown dwarf or a rogue planet, with a photoevaporating disk.
If mass of GQ Lupi b is lower than 13 (currently ~10 – 40 ), GQ Lupi b would suppress HAT-P-67 b as the largest planet at the radius of .
A candidate planet FU Orionis Ab has larger radius of ~9.8 .
DH Tauri b has larger radius of . However, the mass being below the deuterium burning limit needs confirmation. Smallest radius Kepler-37b Kepler-37 The extrasolar planetesimal WD 1145+017 b is smaller. Smallest radius with a confirmed atmosphereTOI-561 bTOI-561 The planets LHS 1478 b and L 98-59 b are smaller (at and , respectively) and might have atmospheres. Most denseGP Comae Berenices bGP Comae Berenices≥185 g/cm3According to the IAU working definition of exoplanets GP Comae Berenices b, being 10 times more massive than Jupiter, is a planet, despite that it might have formed as a white dwarf that was stripped down to a planetary-mass object. For reference, it is a lot denser than osmium at 293 K, the densest naturally occurring stable element on Earth. It is suspected that GP Comae Berenices b might be composed of strange matter based on its density.
TOI-4603 b is the densest planet which orbits a normal star and is not a potential brown dwarf, with . Least dense TOI-791 b TOI-791 Could alternatively be Kepler-51d with
Next least dense are the super-puff planets TOI-791 c with and WASP-193b with
A predicted highly evaporating planet was proposed to orbit the star FU Orionis with a density of about . Highest planetary rotation rate Kappa Andromedae b Kappa Andromedae ≥ Hottest (irradiated planet) KELT-9b KELT-9 () The candidate planets OGLE-TR-1001b and KOI-2093.03 are hotter, at and , respectively.
A candidate planet was suggested to orbit WD 2226-210, the central star of the Helix Nebula, with an equilibrium temperature of .
Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c are often described as the hottest known exoplanets, both at > (assuming an albedo of 0.1 for both), but their existences are highly doubtful.Hottest (self-luminous)GQ Lupi bGQ Lupi() GQ Lupi b may be either a massive planet or a brown dwarf. Coldest may be cooler, at . Fastest jetstream wind WASP-127b WASP-127 () Strongest magnetic field Beta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris ≥ For comparison, the field strength of Jupiter is .
The magnetic field of SIMP J013656.5+093347 is stronger at ~. As a free-floating object, it might not be considered a planet. Highest albedo LTT 9779 b LTT 9779 This is value for the western dayside region, with the overall albedo of dayside being . For comparison, the Bond albedo values of Earth and Venus are 0.3 and 0.76, respectively. Lowest albedo Geometric albedo Best-fit model for albedo gives 0.04% (0.0004). YoungestDH Tauri bDH Tauri Could alternatively be the protoplanet Elias 2-24 b at 1.0 Myr or younger.
The free-floating planet or sub-brown dwarf Proplyd 133-353 is younger, at 0.5 Myr. However, as a free-floating planet, it does not meet the IAU's working definition of a planet.
2MASS J04414489+2301513 b is listed as the youngest planet in the NASA Exoplanet Archive, at an age of 1 Myr, but fails the mass ratio criterion of the IAU working definition of an exoplanet; the mass ratio with the primary is larger than the L4/L5 limit of stability ≈ 1/25 and the companion is 'more likely to have been produced by cloud core fragmentation' (which is similar to a star).
Two planetary candidates proposed to orbit IRS 63 might be younger at ≲0.5 Myr.
IRAS 04125+2902 b is the youngest transiting planet at an age of ~3 Myr.
HD 114082b is the youngest radial velocity planet at an age of Myr.